1. Of the three major schools of systematic philosophy, the one that advocates classification of organisms solely on the basis of overall similarity relationships as determined by a large number of unweighted characters (i.e. all characters are treated as of equal value in the analysis). ____________________________

2. Term that describes similar features found in distantly related species that have not been derived from the same feature in the common ancestor of those species but have been acquired independently in each of the separate lineages. _____________________________

3. Austrian (or was he Czech?) monk who first proposed the gene theory of inheritance. ________________________

4. True body cavity defined by the mesoderm. __________________________________

5. Larval form characteristic of bryozoans, brachiopods and arthropods. ________________________________

6.Specialized bryozoan zooid that resembles the head of a bird and apparently serves a defensive function. ______________________

7. The simplest and presumably most primitive form of the brachidium. ________________________________

8. Muscles that are responsible for closing the valves in brachiopods. _________________

9. Fleshy stalk by which brachiopods attach to the substrate. ___________________

10. The initial individual zooid in a bryozoan colony. ________________________

1. ovicell

2. mantle

3. cardinal process

4. ascus or compensatrix

5. spondylium

1. What characteristics of natural populations and their environment result in natural selection? In other words, as presented by Darwin and Wallace, what conditions are necessary to cause evolutionary change? (10)

2. What are the differences between the immature zone (the endozone) and the mature zone (the exozone) in the structure of a stenolaemate bryozoan colony? What is the reason for these differences? (10)

3. Explain the differences in the approaches to classification of the three major systematic philosophies. (15)

4. What are regulatory genes? How do they differ from structural genes and how have they affected our understanding of the nature of the evolutionary process? In particular, what are the implications for the evidence of evolution in the fossil record? (10)

5. What is meant by macroevolution as opposed to microevolution? Species selection, or species sorting is considered a macroevolutionary process. Describe this process. (10)

6. Name and describe the different types of valve ultrastructure found in brachiopods, and for each, name an order in which it might be found. (10)

7. Briefly describe or diagram the approximate stratigraphic ranges of the various orders of the stenolaemate and gymnolaemate bryozoans. (10)

8. Explain the concept of monophyly as it is understood by classical systematists. How does this differ from the concept of monophyly or holophyly of phylogenetic systematists? Give examples of groups that illustrate this difference. (10)

9. What is the Red Queen Hypothesis? What does it say about evolutionary process and what observations extracted from the fossil record does it seek to explain? (10)

10. Who convinced biologists of the fact of extinction and how did he do it? (5)

11. What are mass extinctions and when did the largest mass extinction in the fossil record occur? (5)

12. Briefly explain the function of the tooth and socket in articulate brachiopods. (5)

Stropheodonta Neospirifer

Fenestrata Scleractinia

Chonetes Fusulinella

Terebratella Composita

Obolella Syringopora

Globigerina Cyanobacteria

Juresania Rhynchotreta