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GENERAL COMMENTS

Similar in format to first exam

Questions-Probably about 30-35 questions total but you will only have to answer 25 of them. The 25 you answer will primarily be your choice though I may insist that you answer a minimum number of questions in some categories

Question Types- a mixed bag. Probably about 25% will be multiple choice, 10% true/false, 40% a couple of sentences, 10% essay, and the rest will be matching, lists, short analysis and the like. I generally like to ask questions that force you to reason and relate different elements. In some cases there is no "correct" answer to a given question but rather a variety of answers that would be acceptable if structured and supported correctly

LECTURE NOTES FOR FINAL EXAM

1.Agricultural Climatology- factors influencing photosynthesis including light intensity, temperature and moisture availability, cardinal growth temperatures, temperature and crops, growing degree day; evapotranspirationa nd plant growth; climate and yield; relationships between agriculture and climate (4 factors)

Drought- you might also take a look at the web site of the National Drought Mitigation Center.http://enso.unl.edu/ndmc/ They have some excellent explanations of drought

Know what drought is--ways of defining it--meteorological, hydrological, agricultural and economic drought-characteristics of Palmer Drought Index Standardized Precipitation Index

3.Microclimates- know the general causes of microclimates (slope, aspect, veg. etc)- places where you might expect to find microclimates--influence on veg, human activities, etc

4. Climate Models and Climate Change--pretty much follow comments from readings below

5. General stuff- we talked a bit about problems of variability, measurement (particularly in past), prediction, etc

READINGS FOR FINAL EXAM

1.Microclimate article handed out to each of you (Matter of inches and a little water...)

2.Text Readings (most of the blurbs below refer to section headings within chapter). Also note that within the general pages I would like you to read the topics to emphasize often occupy only a portion of the readings. Emphasize the sections I list below.

71-82--know what a climate model is and its general characteristics-in general know what the 3 different models (dimensional) are--sensitivity and reconstruction-problem of incorporating ocean in models--examine Fig fig 3.23; 3.24; 3.25; 3.26; 3.27; 3.29 and 3.30

87-102--greenhouse worlds (comp of venus and earth)- faint young sun paradox- carbon exchanges on earth-volcanic input of carbon dioxide- removal of co2 by chemical weathering-climate control of weathering- chemical weathering as thermostat. examine figures 4.1; 4.2; 4.3; 4.4;4.5; 4.6; 4.7; 4.8

104-128-I assume all of you know the basics of plate tectonics--know polar position hypothesis (p 109)--BLAG Hypothesis-evaluation of BLAG Hypothesis--Tectonic control of co2 removal and uplift weathering hypothesis-uplift and chemical weathering- controls of chemical weathering--weathering: climate forcing and feedback. Fig 5.10; Table 5.1;Fig 5.18; 5.20; 5-21; 5.22; Table 5-2; Fig 5-23 and 24; Fig 5-26 and Table 5.3

148-171- evidence from ice and vegetation, (Box 7-1--have a general idea)- why did global climate cool over last 55 myr- evaluating BLAG spreading rate hypothesis- evaluating uplift weathering hypothesis- evaluating ocean heat transport hypothesis (skim)--causes of brief tectonic scale climate change-understanding and predicting tectonic climate change. Fig 7.1; 7.9; 7.11; 7.13; 7.16; 7.18; 7.19; 7.20

174-192- know all three of the astronmical controls and in general how they influence climate. Be aware of changes influencing high mid latitude insolation and distribution throughout year.Figs 8.2; 8.3; 8.5 ; 8.20 and 8.21 appear to be the most useful. You should be aware that these elements work on different cycles but I am not going to ask you to identify or replicate the cycles

211-225- what controls the size of ice sheets- orbital scale control of ice sheets:milankovitch--modeling behavior of ice sheets- insolation control of ice sheet size--insolation lag and delayed bedrock response. Figures 10-1, 10.2, 10.3; 10.5 thru 10.7; 10.11; 10.12; 10.15

235-238- in general know what ice cores tell us and examine Fig 11-4

255-260- look at Figures 12.4 12.6 12.7 and 12.10 in general

384-403- Did climate change drive human evolution--did climate effect origin of agriculture-- sea level rise and origin of flood legends--possible impacts of climate on other civilizations. Fig 17-9 17-10, 17-13 17-14 (real impt)

424-441-- Natural variations in climate. read 424-30. figs 19.1 Box 19-1